これは、エアトラックによる力学実験で使われる滑走台の概略図です。
図中には、滑走体の位置や移動距離 𝑠、微小な変位 Δ𝑠を測定するための目盛りやカウンター、衝突実験に用いられる反発スプリング、台の傾きを調整するためのねじや分度器などが描かれています。これらの装置によって、運動の時間変化や衝突前後の状態を定量的に比較することが可能になります。
\documentclass[border=10pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{luatexja}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.5]
\fill[ball color=gray](18.3,-1.9)circle[x radius=1.2, y radius=0.6, rotate=350];
\draw(18.3,-1.9)circle[x radius=1.2, y radius=0.6, rotate=350];
\fill[ball color=gray](3.15,-4)circle[x radius=1.4, y radius=0.7, rotate=350];
\draw(3.15,-4)circle[x radius=1.4, y radius=0.7, rotate=350];
\fill[ ball color=pink!80!blue!20!](2.6,-3.5)--(2.6,-2.5)--(2.7,-2.5)--(2.7,-3.5);
\fill[white,opacity=0.3](2.6,-3.5)--(2.6,-2.5)--(2.7,-2.5)--(2.7,-3.5);
\draw(2.6,-3.5)--(2.6,-2.5)--(2.7,-2.5)--(2.7,-3.5);
\fill[ball color=black](2.65,-2.6)circle[x radius=0.4,y radius=0.2];
\draw(2.6,0)--(2.6,-2.6)--(2.7,-2.6)--(2.7,0);
\fill[ ball color=pink!80!blue!20!](2.6,0)--(2.6,-2.6)--(2.7,-2.6)--(2.7,0);
\fill[white,opacity=0.3](2.6,0)--(2.6,-2.6)--(2.7,-2.6)--(2.7,0);
\fill[ ball color=pink!80!blue!20!](2.5,0)--(2.8,0)--(2.8,-2.3)--(2.5,-2.3)--(2.5,0);
\fill[white,opacity=0.3](2.5,0)--(2.8,0)--(2.8,-2.3)--(2.5,-2.3)--(2.5,0);
\draw(2.5,0)--(2.8,0)--(2.8,-2.3)--(2.5,-2.3)--(2.5,0);
\draw[<-](2.25,-2.6)--(1.9,-3)node[left]{調整ねじ};
\fill[ball color=cyan!1!white](17.7,-1.8)circle[x radius=0.8,y radius=0.4];
\fill[white, opacity=0.5](17.7,-1.8)circle[x radius=0.8,y radius=0.4];
\draw(17.7,-1.8)circle[x radius=0.8,y radius=0.4];
\fill[ ball color=pink!80!blue!20!](17.6,-1.8)--(17.6,-0.8)--(17.7,-0.8)--(17.7,-1.8);
\fill[white,opacity=0.3](17.6,-1.8)--(17.6,-0.8)--(17.7,-0.8)--(17.7,-1.8);
\draw(17.6,-1.8)--(17.6,-0.8)--(17.7,-0.8)--(17.7,-1.8);
\fill[ball color=black](17.65,-0.8)circle[x radius=0.4,y radius=0.2];
\draw(17.6,1.7)--(17.6,-0.9)--(17.7,-0.9)--(17.7,1.7);
\fill[ ball color=pink!80!blue!20!](17.6,1.7)--(17.6,-0.9)--(17.7,-0.9)--(17.7,1.3);
\fill[white,opacity=0.3](17.6,1.7)--(17.6,-0.9)--(17.7,-0.9)--(17.7,1.3);
\fill[ ball color=pink!80!blue!20!](17.5,1.7)--(17.8,1.7)
--(17.8,-0.6)--(17.5,-0.6)--(17.5,1.7);
\fill[white,opacity=0.3](17.5,1.7)--(17.8,1.7)--(17.8,-0.6)--(17.5,-0.6)--(17.5,1.7);
\draw(17.5,1.7)--(17.8,1.7)--(17.8,-0.6)--(17.5,-0.6)--(17.5,1.7);
\draw[<-](18.1,-0.8)--(19.5,-0.8)node[right]{傾き調整用ねじ};
\draw[<-](18.5,-1.8)--(20,-1.8)node[right]{360$^\circ$分度器};
\draw[<-](21,1.8)--(22,2)node[right]{リング};
%棒
\fill[ball color=gray](6,-3.5)circle[x radius=2,y radius=1,rotate=350];
\fill[ball color=gray](16,-2.5)circle[x radius=2,y radius=1,rotate=350];
\draw(6,-3.5)circle[x radius=2,y radius=1,rotate=350];
\draw(16,-2.5)circle[x radius=2,y radius=1,rotate=350];
\fill[ball color=gray](20,1)circle(1.2);
\fill[white](20,1)circle(1);
\fill[black!80!gray](15.25,-2)circle[x radius=0.25,y radius=0.12];
\fill[black!80!gray](5.25,-3)circle[x radius=0.25,y radius=0.12];
\fill[ball color=gray](15,11)--(15.5,11)--(15.5,-2)--(15,-2)--(15,11);
\fill[ball color=gray](5,10)--(5.5,10)--(5.5,-3)--(5,-3)--(5,10);
\draw(5,10)--(5.5,10)--(5.5,-3)--(5,-3)--(5,10);
\draw(15,11)--(15.5,11)--(15.5,-2)--(15,-2)--(15,11);
\fill[ball color=gray](15.25,11)circle[x radius=0.25,y radius=0.12];
\fill[ball color=gray](5.25,10)circle[x radius=0.25,y radius=0.12];
%台
\fill[top color=white, bottom color=gray](0,0)--(1,-1)--(0,-2)--(-1,-1);
\fill[top color=white, bottom color=lightgray!30!white]
(0,0)--(1,-1)--(21,1)--(20,2);
\fill[top color=lightgray!50!white, bottom color=lightgray]
(1,-1)--(21,1)--(20,0)--(0,-2);
\draw[densely dotted](1,-1)--(21,1);
\draw(0,0)--(20,2)--(21,1)--(20,0)--(0,-2)--(-1,-1)--(0,0);
\draw(0,0)--(1,-1)--(0,-2);
\draw[<-](2.1,0.8)--(1,1.5)node[above]{反発スプリング};
\fill[ball color=gray](2.25,0.5)circle[x radius=0.6,y radius=0.3,rotate=5];
\fill[white](2.25,0.5)circle[x radius=0.5,y radius=0.2,rotate=5];
\fill[ball color=gray](17.9,2)circle[x radius=0.6,y radius=0.3,rotate=5];
\fill[white](17.9,2)circle[x radius=0.5,y radius=0.2,rotate=5];
\draw[loosely dotted](0.5,-0.3)--(20,1.7);
\draw[loosely dotted](0.8,-0.7)--(20,1.3);
\fill[top color=white, bottom color=lightgray!20!white](1.5,0.25)
--(2.5,-1)--(2.75,-0.95)--(1.75,0.3)--(1.5,0.25);
\draw(1.5,0.25)--(2.5,-1)--(2.75,-0.95)--(1.75,0.3)--(1.5,0.25);
\fill[top color=white, bottom color=lightgray!20!white](1.5,0.5)
--(2.5,-0.75)--(2.75,-0.7)--(1.75,0.55)--(1.5,0.5);
\fill[top color=white, bottom color=lightgray!20!white](2.75,-0.95)
--(2.75,-0.7)--(2.5,-0.75)--(2.5,-1);
\fill[top color=white, bottom color=lightgray!20!white](1.5,0.5)
--(1.5,0.25)--(2.5,-1)--(2.5,-0.75);
\draw(1.5,0.5)--(2.5,-0.75)--(2.75,-0.7)--(1.75,0.55)--(1.5,0.5);
\draw(1.5,0.5)--(1.5,0.25);
\draw(2.5,-0.75)--(2.5,-1);
\draw(2.75,-0.95)--(2.75,-0.7);
\fill[ball color=black](2.64,-1)circle(0.2);
\fill[top color=white, bottom color=lightgray!20!white](18.5,1.75)
--(19.5,0.5)--(19.75,0.55)--(18.75,1.8)--(18.5,1.75);
\draw(18.5,1.75)--(19.5,0.5)--(19.75,0.55)--(18.75,1.8)--(18.5,1.75);
\fill[top color=white, bottom color=lightgray!20!white](18.5,2)
--(19.5,0.75)--(19.75,0.8)--(18.75,2.05)--(18.5,2);
\fill[top color=white, bottom color=lightgray!20!white](19.75,0.55)
--(19.75,0.8)--(19.5,0.75)--(19.5,0.5);
\fill[top color=white, bottom color=lightgray!20!white](18.5,2)
--(18.5,1.75)--(19.5,0.5)--(19.5,0.75);
\draw(18.5,2)--(19.5,0.75)--(19.75,0.8)--(18.75,2.05)--(18.5,2);
\draw(18.5,2)--(18.5,1.75);
\draw(19.5,0.75)--(19.5,0.5);
\draw(19.75,0.55)--(19.75,0.8);
\fill[ball color=black](19.64,0.5)circle(0.2);
\draw[{[scale=1.5]<}-{>[scale=1.5]}](17.5,-0.5)--(2.75,-2);
\draw(12,-1.5)node{$L$};
%エアトラック
\fill[ball color=gray](11.5,2)circle[x radius=0.6, y radius=0.3];
\fill[white](11.5,2)circle[x radius=0.5, y radius=0.2];
\fill[ball color=white](9,2)--(11,2.25)--(11,1.5)--(9,1.25)--(9,2);
\fill[ball color=white](11,2.25)--(10.75,2.25)--(8.75,2)--(9,2);
\fill[ball color=white](9,2)--(8.75,2)--(8.75,1.25)--(9,1.25);
\fill[white,opacity=0.8](9,2)--(11,2.25)--(11,1.5)--(9,1.25)--(9,2);
\fill[white,opacity=0.8](11,2.25)--(10.75,2.25)--(8.75,2)--(9,2);
\fill[white,opacity=0.8](9,2)--(8.75,2)--(8.75,1.25)--(9,1.25);
\draw(9,2)--(11,2.25)--(11,1.5)--(9,1.25)--(9,2);
\draw(11,2.25)--(10.75,2.25)--(8.75,2)--(9,2);
\draw(8.75,2)--(8.75,1.25)--(9,1.25);
\draw(10.8,1.47)--(10.5,1.1);
\draw(11,1.5)--(11.5,1)--(9.25,0.75)--(8.9,1.2)--(8.5,0.8);
\draw(8.75,1.25)--(8.35,0.79);
\fill[ball color=white, ](7.25,3.5)--(7.25,4.25)--(6.25,4.5)--(6.25,3.5);
\fill[white, opacity=0.5](7.25,3.5)--(7.25,4.25)--(6.25,4.5)--(6.25,3.5);
\draw(9.86125,4)node{$\Delta s$};
\draw[<->](9.25,3.5)--(10.5,3.65);
\draw[densely dotted](9.25,2.5)--(9.25,4);
\draw[densely dotted](10.5,4.15)--(10.5,2.2);
\fill[ball color=black](9.25,2.5)--(10.5,2.65)--(10.5,2.2)--(9.25,2.05);
\fill[ball color=gray](8.25,1.7)circle[x radius=0.6, y radius=0.3];
\fill[white](8.25,1.7)circle[x radius=0.5, y radius=0.2];
\fill[ball color=black](7.25,3.5)--(7.25,1.45)--(7,1.5)--(7,3.5);
\fill[ball color=black](6.25,3.6)--(6.25,1.6)--(6.5,1.55)--(6.5,3.6);
\draw(6.25,3.6)--(6.25,1.6)--(6.5,1.55)--(6.5,3.6);
\draw(7.25,3.5)--(7.25,1.45)--(7,1.5)--(7,3.5);
\fill[top color=white, bottom color=black](3.5,4.2)--(7.25,3.5)
--(7.25,3)--(3.5,3.7)--(3.5,4.2);
\draw(3.5,4.2)--(7.25,3.5)--(7.25,3)--(3.5,3.7)--(3.5,4.2);
\fill[ball color=black](4.9,4.25)--(4.9,4)--(4.6,4.05)--(4.6,3.4)
--(4.9,3.35)--(4.9,3.1)--(5.6,3.)--(5.6,3.2)--(5.9,3.15)
--(5.9,3.85)--(5.6,3.9)--(5.6,4.15)--(4.9,4.25);
\draw(4.9,4.25)--(4.9,4)--(4.6,4.05)--(4.6,3.4)--(4.9,3.35)
--(4.9,3.1)--(5.6,3)--(5.6,3.2)--(5.9,3.15)
--(5.9,3.85)--(5.6,3.9)--(5.6,4.15)--(4.9,4.25);
\fill[ball color=gray](5.4,3.4)circle[x radius=0.5, y radius=0.15, rotate=45];
\draw(5.4,3.4)circle[x radius=0.5, y radius=0.15, rotate=45];
\draw(5.55,3.55)[ball color=gray]circle(0.25);
\draw(12.15,6)node{$s$};
\draw[{[scale=1.25]<}-{>[scale=1.25]}](17.25,6)--(7.25,5);
\draw[densely dotted](17.25,5.25)--(17.25,7);
\draw[densely dotted](7.25,4.25)--(7.25,6);
\fill[ball color=white, ](17.25,4.5)--(17.25,5.25)--(16.25,5.5)--(16.25,4.5);
\fill[white, opacity=0.5](17.25,4.5)--(17.25,5.25)--(16.25,5.5)--(16.25,4.5);
\fill[ball color=black](17.25,4.5)--(17.25,2.45)--(17,2.5)--(17,4.5);
\fill[ball color=black](16.25,4.6)--(16.25,2.6)--(16.5,2.55)--(16.5,4.6);
\draw(16.25,4.6)--(16.25,2.6)--(16.5,2.55)--(16.5,4.6);
\draw(17.25,4.5)--(17.25,2.45)--(17,2.5)--(17,4.5);
\fill[top color=white, bottom color=black](13.5,5.2)--(17.25,4.5)
--(17.25,4)--(13.5,4.7)--(13.5,5.2);
\draw(13.5,5.2)--(17.25,4.5)--(17.25,4)--(13.5,4.7)--(13.5,5.2);
\fill[ball color=black](14.9,5.25)--(14.9,5)--(14.6,5.05)--(14.6,4.4)
--(14.9,4.35)--(14.9,4.1)--(15.6,4.)--(15.6,4.2)--(15.9,4.15)
--(15.9,4.85)--(15.6,4.9)--(15.6,5.15)--(14.9,5.25);
\draw(14.9,5.25)--(14.9,5)--(14.6,5.05)--(14.6,4.4)--(14.9,4.35)
--(14.9,4.1)--(15.6,4.)--(15.6,4.2)--(15.9,4.15)
--(15.9,4.85)--(15.6,4.9)--(15.6,5.15)--(14.9,5.25);
\fill[ball color=lightgray](7,-9)--(7.5,-10)--(7,-10)--(6.5,-9);
\fill[ball color=lightgray](8,-7)--(8.5,-8)--(8,-8)--(7.5,-7);
\draw(7,-9)--(7.5,-10)--(7,-10)--(6.5,-9);
\draw(8,-7)--(8.5,-8)--(8,-8)--(7.5,-7);
\fill[ball color=green!5!cyan!5!white](8,-4)--(0,-5)--(-1.5,-7)--(7,-6)--(8,-4);
\fill[green!5!cyan!5!white,opacity=0.2](8,-4)--(0,-5)--(-1.5,-7)--(7,-6)--(8,-4);
\draw(8,-4)--(0,-5)--(-1.5,-7)--(7,-6)--(8,-4);
\fill[ball color=green!5!cyan!5!white](-1.5,-7)--(-1.5,-10)--(7,-9)--(7,-6);
\fill[green!5!cyan!5!white,opacity=0.2](-1.5,-7)--(-1.5,-10)--(7,-9)--(7,-6);
\draw(-1.5,-7)--(-1.5,-10)--(7,-9)--(7,-6);
\fill[ball color=cyan!5!white](7,-6)--(7,-9)--(8,-7)--(8,-4);
\fill[white, opacity=0.5](7,-6)--(7,-9)--(8,-7)--(8,-4);
\draw(7,-6)--(7,-9)--(8,-7)--(8,-4);
\fill[ball color=lightgray!20!white](7.1,-6.1)--(7.1,-7.5)
--(7.9,-6)--(7.9,-4.3)--(7.1,-6.1);
\draw(7.1,-6.1)--(7.1,-7.5)--(7.9,-6)--(7.9,-4.3)--(7.1,-6.1);
\draw[ultra thick](2,-5.5)arc[x radius=3,y radius=4, start angle=130, end angle=60];
\draw[ultra thick, gray, ](7.5,-7.5)arc[x radius=3,y radius=5.75,
start angle=-90, end angle=100];
\fill[ball color=lightgray](14,-6)--(13.5,-7)--(14,-7)--(14.5,-6);
\draw(14,-6)--(13.5,-7)--(14,-7)--(14.5,-6);
\fill[ball color=lightgray](19,-7)--(19.25,-8)--(18.75,-8)--(18.5,-7);
\draw(19,-7)--(19.25,-8)--(18.75,-8)--(18.5,-7);
\fill[ball color=green!5!cyan!5!white](14,-3)--(20,-3.5)--(25,-4)--(19,-4)--(14,-3);
\fill[green!5!cyan!5!white,opacity=0.2](14,-3)--(20,-3.5)--(25,-4)--(19,-4)--(14,-3);
\draw(14,-3)--(20,-3.5)--(25,-4)--(19,-4)--(14,-3);
\fill[ball color=cyan!5!white](14,-3)--(19,-4)--(19,-7)--(14,-6)--(14,-3);
\fill[white, opacity=0.5](14,-3)--(19,-4)--(19,-7)--(14,-6)--(14,-3);
\draw(14,-3)--(19,-4)--(19,-7)--(14,-6)--(14,-3);
\fill[ball color=green!5!cyan!5!white](19,-4)--(19,-7)--(25,-7)--(25,-4);
\fill[green!5!cyan!5!white,opacity=0.2](19,-4)--(19,-7)--(25,-7)--(25,-4);
\draw(19,-4)--(19,-7)--(25,-7)--(25,-4);
\fill[ball color=lightgray!20!white](14.25,-3.25)--(18.75,-4.25)
--(18.75,-5.5)--(14.25,-4.5)--(14.25,-3.25);
\draw(14.25,-3.25)--(18.75,-4.25)--(18.75,-5.5)--(14.25,-4.5)--(14.25,-3.25);
\draw[ultra thick](22,-4)arc[x radius=3,y radius=4, start angle=50, end angle=120];
\draw[ultra thick, gray, ](16,-5.5)
arc[x radius=3,y radius=5.3, start angle=270, end angle=80];
\draw[ball color=white](4,-4)--(3.6,-4)--(3.6,3)--(4,3)--(4,-4);
\draw(4,-4)--(3.6,-4)--(3.6,3)--(4,3)--(4,-4);
\draw[ball color=black](3.8,2.8)circle[x radius=0.3,y radius=0.15];
\draw[ball color=black](3.8,3)circle[x radius=0.5,y radius=0.2];
\fill[gray!70!black](3.8,-4)circle[x radius=0.2,y radius=0.1];
\draw[ball color=white](19,-0.5)--(18.6,-0.5)--(18.6,5)--(19,5)--(19,-0.5);
\draw(19,-0.5)--(18.6,-0.5)--(18.6,5)--(19,5)--(19,-0.5);
\fill[gray!70!black](18.8,-2) circle[x radius=0.2,y radius=0.1];
\draw[ball color=black](18.8,4.8) circle[x radius=0.3,y radius=0.15];
\draw[ball color=black](18.8,5) circle[x radius=0.5,y radius=0.2];
%送風機
\fill[ball color=white] (0,-1)circle[x radius=1.1,y radius=1.1];
\fill[white, opacity=0.5](0,-1)circle[x radius=1.1,y radius=1.1];
\draw(0,-1)circle[x radius=1.1,y radius=1.1];
\foreach \coord in {
(0,-1), (-0.3,-1.2), (-0.6,-1.4), (-0.9,-1.6), (-1.2,-1.8),
(-1.4,-2), (-1.6,-2.2), (-1.8,-2.4), (-2,-2.6), (-2.25,-2.8),
(-2.5,-3), (-2.75,-3.2), (-3,-3.5), (-3.25,-3.7), (-3.5,-3.9),
(-3.75,-4.1), (-3.9,-4.35), (-4.05,-4.6), (-4.2,-4.85), (-4.35,-5.1),
(-4.5,-5.4), (-4.65,-5.7), (-4.8,-6), (-4.95,-6.3), (-5.1,-6.6),
(-5.2,-6.9), (-5.3,-7.2), (-5.4,-7.5), (-5.5,-7.8), (-5.6,-8.1),
(-5.7,-8.4), (-5.8,-8.7), (-5.8,-9), (-5.8,-9.3), (-5.8,-9.6),
(-5.8,-9.9), (-5.7,-10.2), (-5.6,-10.5), (-5.4,-10.8), (-5.2,-11.1),
(-5,-11.4), (-4.8,-11.7), (-4.5,-12), (-4.2,-12.3), (-3.9,-12.5),
(-3.6,-12.7), (-3.3,-12.9), (-2.9,-13.1), (-2.5,-13.3), (-2,-13.3),
(-1.5,-13.25), (-1,-13.2) }
\draw[top color=white, bottom color=gray] \coord circle[radius=0.7];
\fill[ball color=orange](-1,-12)--(-3,-15)--(6,-15)--(8,-12)--(-1,-12);
\fill[white,opacity=0.8](-1,-12)--(-3,-15)--(6,-15)--(8,-12)--(-1,-12);
\draw(-1,-12)--(-3,-15)--(6,-15)--(8,-12)--(-1,-12);
\fill[ball color=yellow](-3,-15)--(-3,-20)--(6,-20)--(6,-15);
\fill[white,opacity=0.8](-3,-15)--(-3,-20)--(6,-20)--(6,-15);
\draw(-3,-15)--(-3,-20)--(6,-20)--(6,-15);
\fill[ball color=yellow](6,-20)--(8,-17)--(8,-12)--(6,-15);
\fill[white,opacity=0.8](6,-20)--(8,-17)--(8,-12)--(6,-15);
\draw(6,-20)--(8,-17)--(8,-12);
\fill[ball color=black](3.5,-18)--(3.5,-17)--(3,-17)--(3,-18);
\fill[ball color=black](0,-17.5)circle(0.5);
\draw(1.5,-21)node{送風機};
\draw(4,-10)node{カウンター};
\draw(21.5,-8)node{カウンター};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}